Canola Oil Research

Objective: Increased consumption of canola oil has been linked to various health benefits that includes improved blood lipids, reduced platelet aggregation, and increased glucose tolerance. However, not everyone experiences these benefits to the same extent. The overall objective of this project is to investigate if the health benefits associated with canola oil are influenced by a person’s genotype. For this initial proof-of-principle study, the research group will use samples previously collected during the “Canola Oil Multi-center Intervention Trial II” (COMIT II) to examine if differences in the stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD1) gene influences blood glucose regulation following the consumption of canola oil.

Research Team: David Mutch (University of Guelph) – Project Leader; Peter Jones (University of Manitoba)

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02029833

This study was funded by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, the Canola Council of Canada, and SaskCanola, Alberta Canola and Manitoba Canola Growers.

Objective: To assess whether a Mediterranean-type weight-loss diet, enriched with canola oil, high in plant protein and low in carbohydrates will produce blood sugar control, reduce coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors and maximize weight loss, better than conventional higher carbohydrate diets in overweight diabetic patients.

Research Team: Dr. David Jenkins (University of Toronto) – Project Leader; Dr. Cyril Kendall (University of Toronto)

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02245399

Publications:

1. Mutch DM, Lowry DE, Roth M, Sihag J, Hammad SS, Taylor CG, Zahradka P, Connelly PW, West SG, Bowen K, Kris-Etherton PM, Lamarche B, Couture P, Guay V, Jenkins DJA, Eck P, Jones PJH. Polymorphisms in the stearoyl-CoA desaturase gene modify blood glucose response to dietary oils varying in monounsaturated fatty acid content in adults with obesity. Br J Nutr; 2021. 1-28.

This study was funded by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, the Canola Council of Canada, and SaskCanola, Alberta Canola and Manitoba Canola Growers.

Objective: To examine the health benefits of dietary canola oils on body composition, specifically on android fat, and weight management. COMIT II will also include analysis of fatty acid ethanolamides (FAEs) to elucidate the mechanisms by which canola oil may be modifying body composition. Measurement of endothelial function, inflammatory, adiposity, and insulin sensitivity biomarkers will be done to determine the positive health impact of the changes in body composition achieved through canola oil consumption.

Research Team: Dr. Peter Jones (University of Manitoba) – Project Leader; Dr. David Jenkins (University of Toronto); Dr. Benoit Lamarche (Laval University); Drs. Penny-Kris-Etherton and Sheila West (Penn State University); Dr. Todd Rideout (University at Buffalo); Dr. Carla Taylor (Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine)

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02029833

This study was funded by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, the Canola Council of Canada, Dow Agrosciences and SaskCanola, Alberta Canola and Manitoba Canola Growers.

Publications:

1. Bowen KJ, Kris-Etherton PM, West SG, Fleming JA, Connelly PW, Lamarche B, Couture P, Jenkins DJA, Taylor CG, Zahradka P, Hammad S, Sihag J, Chen X, Guay V, Maltais-Giguère J, Perera D, Wilson A, Juan SCS, Rempel J, Jones PJH. Diets enriched with conventional or high-oleic acid canola oils lower atherogenic lipids and lipoproteins compared to a diet with a western fatty acid profile in adults with central adiposity. J Nutr. 2019; 149(3): 471-478.
2. Hammad SS, Eck P, Sihag J, Chen X, Connelly PW, Lamarche B, Couture P, Guay V, Maltais-Giguere J, West SG, Kris-Etherton PM, Bowen KJ, Jenkins DJA, Taylor CG, Perera D, Wilson A, Castillo S, Zahradka P, Jones PJH. Common variants in lipid metabolism-related genes associate with fat mass changes in response to dietary monounsaturated fatty acids in adults with abdominal obesity. J Nutr. 2019; 149(10): 1749-1756.

Objective: Metabolic syndrome is an early stage of cardiovascular disease and is an appropriate target for dietary interventions. Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of risk factors (abdominal obesity, elevated serum triglycerides, low HDL-cholesterol, hypertension, elevated fasting blood glucose) accompanied by low grade chronic inflammation, hepatic steatosis (fatty liver) and reduced vascular function.

This study will investigate the effect of a 12-week intervention with canola oil versus the typical fat mixture in the Western diet on blood lipids, blood vessel function and metabolic syndrome parameters. Cardiovascular disease risk will be assessed based on the profile of lipids and other factors in the blood as well using specialized equipment for non-invasive monitoring of blood vessel function.

Research Team: Dr. Carla Taylor and Dr. Peter Zahradka (Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine)

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01890330

Funded by the Canola Council of Canada, Alberta Canola and Alberta Innovates.

Objective: To examine how the consumption of different dietary oil varieties affects a broad range of metabolic responses that are important in the development of cardiovascular diseases. This study will examine the relationship between dietary oil consumption and arterial function, blood fat content, and blood markers of cardiovascular disease risk. Additionally, the efficiency of the body in converting fat from dietary oils into other specific fat compounds with know health benefits will be examined. Also, the correlation between psychosocial parameters and vascular function will be studied.

Research Team: Drs. Peter Jones (University of Manitoba) – Project Leader; Dr. David Jenkins (University of Toronto); Dr. Benoit Lamarche (Laval University); Drs. Penny-Kris-Etherton and Sheila West (Penn State University)

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01351012

Publications:

1. Senanayake VK, Pu S, Jenkins DA,  Lamarche B, Kris-Etherton PM,  West SG, Fleming JA, Liu X, McCrea CE, Jones PJ . Plasma fatty acid changes following consumption of dietary oils containing n-3, n-6, and n-9 fatty acids at different proportions: preliminary findings of the Canola Oil Multicenter Intervention Trial (COMIT). 2014; 15: 136.
2. Jones P J, Senanayake VK, Pu S, Jenkins DJ, Connelly PW, Lamarche B, Couture P, Charest A, Baril-Gravel L, West SG, Liu X, Fleming JA, McCrea CE, Kris-Etherton PM. DHA-enriched high-oleic acid canola oil improves lipid profile and lowers predicted cardiovascular disease risk in the canola oil multicenter randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014; 100(1): 88-97.
3. Baril-Gravel L, Labonte ME, Couture P, Vohl MC, Charest A, Guay V, Jenkins DA, Connelly PW, West S, Kris-Etherton PM, Jones PJH,  Fleming JA, Lamarche B. Docosahexaenoic acid-enriched canola oil increases adiponectin concentrations: a randomized crossover controlled intervention trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2015; 25(1): 52-9.
4. Jones PJH, MacKay DS,  Senanayake VK, Pu S, Jenkins DJ, Connelly PW, Lamarche B, Couture P, Kris-Etherton PM, West SG, Liu X,  Fleming JA, Hantgan RR, Rudel LL. High-oleic canola oil consumption enriches LDL particle cholesteryl oleate content and reduces LDL proteoglycan binding in humans. Atherosclerosis 2015; 238(2): 231-8.
5. Pu S, Eck P, Jenkins DJ, Connelly PW, Lamarche B, Kris-Etherton PM, West SG, Liu X, Jones PJ. Interactions between dietary oil treatments and genetic variants modulate fatty acid ethanolamides in plasma and body weight composition. Br J Nutr. 2016; 115(6): 1012-1023.
6. Pu S, Rodriguez-Perez C, Ramprasath VR, Segura-Carretero A,  Jones PJH. Dietary high oleic canola oil supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid attenuates plasma proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) levels in participants with cardiovascular disease risk: A randomized control trial. Vascul Pharmacol. 2016; 87(12): 60-5.
7. Rodriguez-Perez C, Ramprasath VR, Pu S, Sabra A, Quirantes-Pine R, Segura-Carretero A, Jones PJH. Docosahexaenoic acid attenuates cardiovascular risk factors via a decline in proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) plasma levels. Lipids. 2016; 51(1): 75-83.
8. Liu X, Kris-Etherton PM, West SG, Lamarche B, Jenkins DJ, Fleming JA, McCrea CE, Pu S, Couture P, Connelly PW, Jones PJ. Effects of canola and high-oleic-acid canola oils on abdominal fat mass in individuals with central obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016;24(11): 2261-8.
9. Pu S, Khazanehei H, Jones PJ, Khafipour E. Interactions between obesity status and dietary intake of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated oils on human gut microbiome profiles in the canola oil multicenter intervention trial (COMIT). Front Microbiol. 2016; 7(12): 1612.
10. Liu X, Garban J, Jones PJ, Vanden Heuvel J, Lamarche B, Jenkins DJ, Connelly PW, Couture P,  Pu S,  Fleming  JA,  West  SG. Diets low in saturated fat with different unsaturated fatty acid profiles similarly increase serum-mediated cholesterol efflux from THP-1 macrophages in a population with or at risk for metabolic syndrome: The Canola Oil Multicenter Intervention Trial  J Nutr. 2018; 148(5): 721-8.

Funded through the Canola/Flax Canadian Agri-Science Cluster, a joint initiative of AAFC and the industry with funding from the Canola Council of Canada, SaskCanola, Alberta Canola, Manitoba Canola Growers, Flax Council of Canada, and Dow AgroSciences.

Objective: To determine whether canola oil improves glycemic control in non-insulin dependent diabetes, as assessed by HbA1c and fasting blood glucose, and to assess whether these outcomes relate to improvements in cardiovascular health, i.e. plasma lipids, measures of oxidative stress, FMD and inflammatory biomarkers including C-reactive protein. If successful, this research will support scientific data on the utility of low glycemic load diets in improving glycemic control and reducing cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes.  Positive results would also establish canola oil as a healthy dietary component and help to shape public opinion on its health benefits and influence food choices in Canada and abroad.

Research Team: Dr. David Jenkins (University of Toronto) – Project Leader; Dr. Cyril Kendall (University of Toronto); Dr. Sheila West (Penn State University)

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01348568

Publications:

1. Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Vuksan V, Faulkner D, Augustin LS, Mitchell S, Ireland C, Srichaikul K, Mirrahimi A, Chiavaroli L, Blanco Mejia S, Nishi S, Sahye-Pudaruth S, Patel D, Bashyam B, Vidgen E, de Souza RJ, Sievenpiper JL, Coveney J, Josse RG, Leiter LA.  Effect of lowering the glycemic load with canola oil on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors: A randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2014; 37 (7): 1806-14.

Funded through the Canola/Flax Canadian Agri-Science Cluster, a joint initiative of AAFC, Canola Council of Canada, SaskCanola, Alberta Canola and Manitoba Canola Growers.

Objective: To rank various oils/fatty acid compositions with respect to post-prandial vascular activity. To establish whether canola has positive effects on blood vessel function by measuring true clinical endpoints such as arterial stiffness and flow-mediated dilatation as well as the ankle-brachial index, the gold standard for human trials of this nature. As reduced blood flow contributes to cognitive impairment, the study will also investigate whether improvements in blood vessel function are also associated with improvements in cognitive function.

Research Team: Dr. Carla Taylor (University of Manitoba) – Project Leader; Drs. Peter Zahradka and Randy Guzman (St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre)

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01250275

Publications:

1. Enns JE, Zahradka P, Guzman RP, Baldwin A, Foot B, Taylor CG. Randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect of canola oil on blood vessel function in peripheral arterial disease: rationale and design of the Canola-PAD study. J Clin Trials. 2014; 6: 117-25.

Funded through the Canola/Flax Canadian Agri-Science Cluster, a joint initiative of Agriculture and Agri-Foods Canada, Canola Council of Canada, SaskCanola, Alberta Canola and Manitoba Canola Growers.

Comparison of canola oil and olive oil consumption on the serum lipid profile in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. 
Pourrajab B, Sharifi-Zahabi E, Soltani S, Shahinfar H and Shidfar F. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; e1-e15.

The Mediterranean and Nordic diet: a review of differences and similarities of two sustainable, health-promoting dietary patterns.
Krznarić Ž, Karas I, Ljubas Kelečić D and Vranešić Bender D. Front Nutr 2021; 8: 683-78.

The effects of canola oil on cardiovascular risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis with dose-response analysis of controlled clinical trials.
Amiri M, Raeisi-Dehkordi H, Sarrafzadegan N, Forbes SC, Salehi-Abargouei A. Nutr Metab Cardiovas. 2020; 30(2): 2133-45.

Effects of a healthy Nordic diet on weight loss in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials.
Ramezani-Jolfaie N, Mohammadi M and Salehi-Abargouei A. Eat Weight Disord- 2020;25(5): 1141-50.

Dietary patterns and cognitive health in older adults: a systematic review.
Chen X, Maguire B, Brodaty H. and O’Leary F. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 67(2): 583-619.

Effects of Canola Oil Consumption on Lipid Profile: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials.
Ghobadi S, Hassanzadeh-Rostami Z, Mohammadian F, Zare M and Faghih S. JACN 2019; 38(2): 185-96.

Nordic diet and inflammation—A review of observational and intervention studies. 
Lankinen M, Uusitupa M and Schwab U. Nutrients 2019; 11(6): 1369-81.

The effect of canola oil on body weight and composition: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials.
Raeisi-Dehkordi H, Amiri M, Humphries KH and Salehi-Abargouei A. Adv Nutr 2019; 10(3): 419-32.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.
Telle-Hansen VH, Gaundal L and Myhrstad MC. Nutrients 2019; 11(5): 1067-85.

Dietary fats and cardiometabolic disease: mechanisms and effects on risk factors and outcomes. 
Wu JH, Micha, R and Mozaffarian D. Nat Rev Cardiol 2019; 16(10): 581-601.

Effects of oils and solid fats on blood lipids: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.
Schwingshackl L, Brogensberger B, Bencic A, Knuppel S, Boeing H and Hoffman G. J Lipid Res. 2018; 59: 1771-82.

Diet for stroke prevention. 
Spence JD. Diet for stroke prevention. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2018; 3(2): 44-50.

The effect of alpha-linolenic acid on glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials.
Jovanovski E, Li D, Ho HVT, Djedovic V, Marques ADCR, Shishtar E, Mejia SB, Sievenpiper JL, de Souza RJ, Duvnjak L and Vuksan V. Medicine 2017; 96(21): e6531.

Dietary fats and cardiovascular disease: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. 
Sacks FM, Lichtenstein AH, Wu JH, Appel LJ, Creager MA Kris-Etherton PM, Miller M, Rimm EB, Rudel LL, Robinson JG and Stone NJ. Circulation 2017; 136(3): e1-e23

Current evidence supporting the link between dietary fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. 
Hammad S, Pu S and Jones PJ. Lipids 2016; 51(5): 507-17.

The Evidence for α-Linolenic Acid and Cardiovascular Disease Benefits: Comaprison with Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid.
Fleming JA and Kris-Etherton PMK. Adv Nutr 2014; 5: 8635-765.

Evidence of Health Benefits of Canola Oil.
Lin L, Allemekinders H, Dansby A, Campbell L, Durance-Tod S, Berger A, and Jones PJH. Nut Rev 2013; 71(6): 370-85.

Dietary monounsaturated fatty acids are protective against metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease risk factors.
Gillingham LG, Harris-Janz S, Jones, PJH, Lipids; 2011; 46: 209-28.

Review: Monounsaturated oils do not all have the same effect on plasma cholesterol.
Treswell A, Choudhury N. Eur J Clin Nutr; 1998; 52(5): 312-5. 

The effects of sesame, canola, and sesame–canola oils on cardiometabolic markers in patients with type 2 diabetes: a triple-blind three-way randomized crossover clinical trial.
Amiri M, Raeisi-Dehkordi H, Moghtaderi F, Zimorovat A, Mohyadini M and Salehi-Abargouei A. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61: 3499-516.

The effect of sesame, canola, and sesame‐canola oils on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight adults: a three‐way randomized triple‐blind crossover clinical trial. 
Moghtaderi F, Amiri M, Raeisi‐Dehkordi H, Zimorovat A, Mohyadini M and Salehi‐Abargouei A. Phytother Res 2022; 36(2): 1043-57.

Anti-inflammatory diet and incident peripheral artery disease: Two prospective cohort studies.
Yuan S, Bruzelius M, Damrauer SM, Håkansson N, Wolk A, Åkesson A and Larsson SC. Clin Nutr 2022; 41(6): 1191-6.

Cooking oil/fat consumption and deaths from cardiometabolic diseases and other causes: prospective analysis of 521,120 individuals.
Zhang Y, Zhuang P, Wu F, He W, Mao L, Jia W, Zhang Y, Chen X and Jiao J. BMC Med 2021; 19(1): 92-106.

Common variants in lipid metabolism-related genes associate with fat mass changes in response to dietary monounsaturated fatty acids in adults with abdominal obesity.
Hammad SS, Eck P, Sihag J, Chen X, Connelly PW, Lamarche B, Couture P, Guay V, Maltais-Giguere J, West SG, Kris-Etherton PM, Bowen KJ, Jenkins DJA, Taylor CG, Perera D, Wilson A, Castillo S, Zahradka P, Jones PJH. J Nutr. 2019; 149(10): 1749-56.

Diets enriched with conventional or high-oleic acid canola oils lower atherogenic lipids and lipoproteins compared to a diet with a western fatty acid profile in adults with central adiposity.
Bowen KJ, Kris-Etherton PM, West SG, Fleming JA, Connelly PW, Lamarche B, Couture P, Jenkins DJA, Taylor CG, Zahradka P, Hammad S, Sihag J, Chen X, Guay V, Maltais-Giguère J, Perera D, Wilson A, Juan SCS, Rempel J and Jones PJH. J Nutr. 2019; 149(3): 471-8.

Diets low in saturated fat with different unsaturated fatty acid profiles similarly increase serum-mediated cholesterol efflux from THP-1 macrophages in a population with or at risk for metabolic syndrome: The Canola Oil Multicenter Intervention Trial.
Liu X, Garban J, Jones PJ, Vanden Heuvel J, Lamarche B, Jenkins DJ, Connelly PW, Couture P, Pu S, Fleming JA and West SG. J Nutr. 2018; 148(5): 721-8.

Monounsaturated fats from plant and animal sources in relation to risk of coronary heart disease among US men and women. 
Zong G, Li Y, Sampson L, Dougherty LW, Willett WC, Wanders AJ, Alssema M, Zock PL, Hu FB and Sun Q. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 107(3): 445-53.

How canola and sunflower oils affect lipid profile and anthropometric parameters of participants with dyslipidemia.
Saedi S, Noroozi, M, Khosrotabar N, Mazandarani S and Ghadrdoost B. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2017; 31: 5.

Dietary high oleic canola oil supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid attenuates plasma proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) levels in participants with cardiovascular disease risk: A randomized control trial.
Pu S, Rodriguez-Perez C, Ramprasath VR, Segura-Carretero A, and Jones PJH. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 87: 60-5.

Rice bran oil and canola oil improve blood lipids compared to sunflower oil in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, single blind controlled trial.
Salar A, Faghih S, Pishdad G-R. J Clin Lipidol March-April 2016; 10(2): 299-305.

Docosahexaenoic acid attenuates cardiovascular risk factors via a decline in proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) plasma levels.
Rodriguez-Perez C, Ramprasath VR, Pu S, Sabra A, Quirantes-Pine R, Segura-Carretero A and Jones PJH. Lipids 2016; 51(1): 75-83.

Docosahexaenoic acid-enriched canola oil increases adiponectin concentrations: a randomized crossover controlled intervention trial.
Baril-Gravel L, Labonte ME, Couture P, Vohl MC, Charest A, Guay V, Jenkins DA, Connelly PW, West S, Kris-Etherton, PM., Jones, P.J., Fleming, J.A., and Lamarche, B. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2015; 25(1): 52-9.

Dietary rapeseed/canola oil supplementation reduces serum lipids and liver enzymes and alters postprandial inflammatory responses in adipose tissue compared to olive-oil supplementation in obese men.
Kruse M, von Loeffelholz C, Hoffman D, Pohlmann A, Seltmann A-C, Osterhoff M, Hornemann S, Pivovarova O, Rohn S, Jahreis G, Pfeiffer, A. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59(3): 507-19.

High-oleic canola oil consumption enriches LDL particle cholesteryl oleate content and reduces LDL proteoglycan binding in humans.
Jones PJH, MacKay DS, Senanayake VK, Pu S, Jenkins DJ, Connelly PW, Lamarche B, Couture P, Kris-Etherton PM, West SG, Liu X, Fleming JA, Hantgan RR and Rudel LL.  Atherosclerosis 2015; 238(2): 231-8.

Effect of a low-fat diet enriched either with rapeseed oil or sunflower oil on plasma lipoproteins in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Results of a pilot study.
Negele L, Schneider B, Ristl R, Stulnig TM, Willfort-Ehringer A, Helk O and Widhalm K. Eur J Clin Nutr 2015; 69: 337-43.

Randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect of canola oil on blood vessel function in peripheral arterial disease: rationale and design of the Canola-PAD study.
Enns JE, Zahradka P, Guzman RP, Baldwin A, Foot B and Taylor CG. J Clin Trials. 2014; 6: 117-25.

Plasma fatty acid changes following consumption of dietary oils containing n-3, n-6, and n-9 fatty acids at different proportions: preliminary findings of the Canola Oil Multicenter Intervention Trial (COMIT).
Senanayake VK, Pu S, Jenkins DA, Lamarche B, Kris-Etherton PM, West SG, Fleming JA, Liu X, McCrea CE and Jones PJH. Trials 2014; 15: 136.

DHA-enriched high–oleic acid canola oil improves lipid profile and lowers predicted cardiovascular disease risk in the canola oil multicenter randomized controlled trial.
Jones PJH, Senanayake VK, Pu S, Jenkins DJA, Connelly PW, Lamarche B, Couture P, Charest A, Baril-Gravel L, West SG, Liu X, Fleming JA, McCrea C and Kris-Etherton PM. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100(1): 88-97.

High-oleic rapeseed (canola) and flaxseed oils modulate serum lipids and inflammatory biomarkers in hypercholesterolaemic subjects.
Gillingham LG, Gustafson JA, Han SY, Jassal DS and Jones PJH. Br J Nutr 2011; 105(3): 417-27.

Replacing dairy fat with rapeseed oil causes rapid improvement of hyperlipidaemia: a randomized controlled study.
Iggman D, Gustafsson IB, Berglund L, Vessby B, Marckmann P and Riserus U. J Intern Med 2011; 270: 356-64.

Effects of dietary cold-pressed turnip rapeseed oil and butter on serum lipids, oxidized LDL and arterial elasticity in men with metabolic syndrome.
Palomaki A, Pohjantahti-Maaroos H, Wallenius M, Kankkunen P, Aro H, Husgafvel S, Pihlava JM and Oksanen K. Lipids Health Dis 2010 Dec 1; 9: 137-44.

Elevated plasma fibrinogen caused by inadequate α-linolenic acid intake can be reduced by replacing fat with canola-type rapeseed oil.
Seppänen-Laakso T, Laakso I, Lehtimäki T, Rontu R, Moilanen E, Solakivi T, Seppo L, Vanhanen H, Kiviranta K and Hiltunen R. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2010 Jul;83(1): 45-54.

Alpha-Linolenic Acid and Risk of Nonfatal Acute Myocardial Infarction.
Campos H, Baylin A and Willett WC. Circulation 2008; 118: 339-45.

Home use of vegetable oils, markers of systemic inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction among women.
Esmaillzadeh A and Azadbakht L Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 88: 913-21.

Canola oil decreases cholesterol and improves endothelial function in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease – a pilot study.
Stricker H, Duchini F, Facchini M and Mombelli G. Artery Research 2008; 2: 67-73.

Characteristics of the diet patterns tested in the optimal macronutrient intake trial to prevent heart disease (OmniHeart): options for a heart-healthy diet.
Swain JF, McCarron PB, Hamilton EF, Sacks FM and Appel LJ. J Am Diet Assoc 2008; 108: 257-65.

Influence of three rapeseed oil-rich diets, fortified with a-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid on the composition and oxidizability of low-density lipoproteins: results of a controlled study in healthy volunteers.
Egert S, Somoza V, Kannenberg F, Fobker M, Krome K, Erbersdobler HF and Wahrburg U. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 61: 314-25.

Postprandial effect of n–3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on apolipoprotein B–containing lipoproteins and vascular reactivity in type 2 diabetes.
Hilpert, KF, West SG, Kris-Etherton PM, Hecker KD, Simpson NM and Alaupovic P. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85: 369-76.

Phytosterols mixed with medium-chain triglycerides and high-oleic canola oil decrease plasma lipids in overweight men.
Rudkowska I, Roynette CE, Nakhasi MDK and Jones PJH. Metab Clin Exp 2006; 55: 391-5.

Palm and partially hydrogenated soybean oils adversely alter lipoprotein profiles compared with soybean and canola oils in moderately hyperlipidemic subjets.
Vega-Lopez, S, Ausman LM, Jalbert SM, Erkkila AT and Lichtenstein AH. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84: 54-62.

Cholesterol lowering effects of nuts compared with a canola oil enriched cereal of similar fat composition.
Chisholm A, McAuley K, Mann J, Williams S and Skeaff M. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2005; 15: 284.

Acute effects of monounsaturated fatty acids with and without omega-3 fatty acids on vascular reactivity in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
West SG, Hecker KD, Mustad VA, Nicholson S, Schoemer SL, Wagner P, Hinderliter AL, Ulbrecht J, Ruey P and Kris-Etherton PM.  Diabetologia 2005; 48: 113.

Dietary mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids similarly increase plasma apoliprotein A-IV concentrations in healthy men and women.
Kratz M, Wahrburg U, Eckardstein A, Ezeh B, Assmann G and Kronenberg F.  J Nutr 2003; 133: 1821.

Long-term monounsaturated fatty acid diets reduce platelet aggregation in healthy young subjects.
Smith R, Kelly C, Fielding B, Hauton D, Sliva K, Nydahl M, Miller G and Williams C. Br J Nutr 2003; 90: 597.

Effect of a rapeseed oil substituting diet on serum lipids & lipoproteins in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolemia.
Gulesserian T and Widhalm K. J Am Coll Nutr 2002; 21: 103.

The effect of vegetable oil-based cheese on serum total and lipoprotein lipids.
Karvonen HM, Tapola NS, Uusitupa MI and Sarkkinen ES. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002; 56: 1094.

Dietary mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids similarly affect LDL size in healthy men and women.
Kratz M, Gülbahçe E, Von Eckardstein A, Cullen P, Cignarella A and Assmann G. J Nutr 2002; 132: 715.

Effects of dietary fatty acids on the composition and oxidizability of low-density lipoprotein.
Kratz M, Cullen P, Kannenberg F, Kassner A, Fobker M and Abuja PM. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002; 56: 72.

Different effects of diets rich in olive oil, rapeseed oil and sunflower-seed oil on postprandial lipid and lipoprotein concentrations & on lipoprotein oxidation susceptibility.
Nielsen NS, Perdersen A, Sandstorm B, Marckmann P and Hoy C. B J Nutr 2002; 87: 489.

Effects of diets containing olive oil, sunflower oil, or rapeseed oil on the hemostatic system.
Junker R, Kratz M, Neufeld M, Erren M, Nofer JR and Schulte H. Thromb Haemost 2001; 85: 280.

A diet containing rapeseed oil-based fats does not increase lipid peroxidation in humans when compared to a diet rich in saturated fatty acids.
Sodergren E, Gustafsson IB, Basu S, Nourooz-Zadeh J, Nalsen C, Turpeinen A, Berglund L and Vessby B. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001; 55: 922.

An olive oil-rich diet results in higher concentrations of LDL cholesterol and a higher number of LDL subfraction particles than rapeseed oil & sunflower oil diets.
Pedersen A, Baumstark M, Marckmann P, Gylling H and Sandstrom B. J Lipid Res 2000; 41: 1901.

Dietary fats and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity in healthy humans.
Baudet MF and Jacotot B. Ann Nutr Metab 1998; 32: 352.

Effects of butter oil blends with increased concentrations of stearic, oleic and linolenic acid on blood lipids in young adults.
Becker CC, Lund P, Holmer G, Jensen H and Sandstrom B. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999; 53: 535.

Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction.
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Effect of dietary alpha-linolenic acid on thrombotic risk factors in vegetarian men.
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