Canola Meal Feed Guide for Swine

The effect of a feed ingredient on feed intake in pigs is difficult to objectively evaluate, given the many factors involved. Variables such as basic palatability of the ingredient, dietary inclusion level, other ingredients in the feed mix, feed energy, fibre content (bulk density), and feed mineral balance will influence feed intake.

For canola meal, several factors with the potential to reduce feed intake exist, such as glucosinolates, tannins, sinapine, fibre and mineral balance, which are explained in more detail in Chapter 2 of this guide. Certainly, glucosinolates represent a major negative influence on feed intake in pigs. Glucosinolates have a bitter taste that can result in the meal being objectionable to many animals. Canola meal produced in Canada, with its very low levels of glucosinolates (3.57μmol/g), has a very neutral taste. As mentioned in Chapter 2, traditional rapeseed meal can have glucosinolate levels of over 100μmol/g. Levels this high result in meal that can only be used in minimal amounts so as to avoid issues with feed intake.

Heyer et al.(2018) replaced 20% of the soybean meal in the control diet with solvent extracted canola meal, or canola meal that had been subjected to low, medium or high extruder intensity. Although the extrusion further reduced the glucosinolates content of the meal, there were no differences in feed intake by weaned pigs. Feed intake, weight gain and feed to gain ratio did not differ for any of the treatments, including the control. This study showed that further reduction of glucosinolates in canola meal would not benefit feed intake and that weaned pigs fed canola meal ate as much as pigs fed soybean meal.

Landero et al. (2018) conducted feed preference trials with weaned pigs given the choice of either soybean meal or canola meal. A strong preference was observed for soybean meal, which agrees with previous literature; however, when no choice was given, canola meal could be included at up to 20% in the diet without impacting feed intake or growth performance.

Restrictions for inclusion levels of canola meal may remain in practice, but are being continually challenged and disproven by researchers. Improper feed quality evaluation information for digestible nutrients in canola meal has resulted in some problems with poorer pig performance in the past. Current data clearly show that diets containing canola meal, when properly formulated, will support high levels of efficient growth performance. The nutritional value of canola meal for swine is being understood increasingly well, and the major limitation for value and inclusion is the available energy content, especially when measured as net energy. Ultimately, the relationship between ingredient cost and nutrient content will determine the appropriate level of inclusion of canola meal in well-formulated diets.

Canola meal is a coproduct that contains a relatively large amount of fibre and a complex carbohydrate matrix with limited digestibility. Diet formulation based on NE allows for the proper inclusion of canola meal in swine diets so as to not impact performance.

Table 1. Energy values for solvent extracted canola meal, as fed basis, Kcal/kg

¹Calculated as ME x 0.66 (Kil et al, 2013)

Energy values published by the National Research Council (NRC, 2012) are given in Table 1 and are based on historical information, and more currently determined values have been added. While there appears to be a range in determined values, Kim et al (2018) recently reviewed the methods available for calculating NE and found that the results ranged from 1,960 to 2,233 kcal/kg as fed for canola meal.

It is therefore likely that the various methods in use add to the variability of published values. The energy value of expeller and cold pressed canola meal vary with the amount of ether extract in the meal. Woyengo et al. (2016) provided the equation below to allow the adjustment of net energy values: NE,kcal/kg = 0.700 × DE + 1.61 × EE + 0.48 × starch − 0.91 × CP − 0.87 × ADF, where NE = net energy, DE = digestible energy, EE= ether extract, CP = crude protein and ADF= acid detergent fiber.

Enzymes to improve energy

Enzyme addition is an avenue to increase the available energy in diets that include canola meal. Multi-carbohydrase enzymes have been developed and used as a means to extract energy from the cell wall of non-starch polysaccharides. Sanjayan et al. (2014) included multi-carbohydrase enzymes in the diets of weaned pigs fed increasing inclusions of canola meal. Growth performance was not improved, but enzyme addition did increase apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of crude protein at 20% and 25% canola meal inclusion in the experimental diets. More recently, Velayudhan et al. (2018) noted numeric increases in ATTD for DM (3.6%) and gross energy (3.3%) when a multi-carbohydrase enzyme was included in canola meal diets for lactating sows. Sows lost less weight (5.3 vs. 3.3 kg) with no increase in intake with the enzyme supplemented diet.

The improvements in the above studies applied to the entire diet, and might be expected to vary depending upon how much canola meal was included in the diet. In vitro analyses are useful in that they permit the ingredient to be analyzed free of the remainder of the diet. In vitro dry matter digestion of both solvent extracted and expeller canola meal were improved by 8.7 and 9.2% respectively (Lee et al, 2018) with enzyme supplementation.

Amino Acid digestibility

Swine diets are routinely formulated to levels of digestible amino acids rather than total amino acids. Recent feeding trials with canola meal in starter, grower and finisher pigs, in which the diets were balanced to the same levels of digestible lysine resulted in a growth rate equivalent to what is typically found with soybean meal as the primary protein source, even at very high inclusion levels of canola meal. This is reviewed further in the section below titled Canola Meal in Starter Diets.

Furthermore, experiments showed that amino acids in swine diets should be formulated on the basis of true, or standardized, amino acid digestibility (Nyachoti, et al., 1997). Standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids is now the preferred unit of measurement for swine (Stein et al., 2007). Using SID reliably corrects for basal endogenous losses related to the animal’s digestive process, as well as indigestibility related to the feed ingredient. Table 2a provides results from recent studies conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids for solvent extracted canola meal and Table 2b shows results for expeller canola meal. While some of the references have imposed a variety of treatments, the values provided in Table 2a and 2b are for Brassica napus canola meal as would be available from Canadian processing plants.

Table 2a. Standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids in solvent extracted canola meal for growing pigs¹

¹Adewole et al., 2017; Almeida et al, 2014; Berrocoso et al., 2015; Flavero et al., 2014; le et al., 2017; Maison and Stein, 2014; Mejicanos and Nyachoti, 2018; Sanjayan et al., 2014; Trindade Neto et al., 2012
²Average of 29 values

Table 2b. Standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids in expeller extracted canola meal for growing pigs¹

¹Seneviratne et al., 2011; Grageola et al., 2013; Woyengo et al., 2016
²Average of 3 values

Amino Acid Profile

The amino acid profile of canola meal has been demonstrated to meet the amino acid needs of swine in a very efficient manner, with lysine being the first limiting amino acid. Because synthetic lysine is readily available, the addition of lysine to canola meal based diets results in a protein that will readily meet the needs of swine.

The convention used to evaluate amino acid profiles of ingredients is to determine the percentages of each essential amino acid relative to lysine. Interestingly, whether using the NRC (2012) or the European Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) model (van Milgen and Dourmad, 2015) to assess amino acid requirements, canola meal stacks up almost perfectly (Table 3), particularly if lysine, the first limiting amino acid, is augmented. This means that pigs can use canola amino acids efficiently to support tissue gain.

Table 3. Ideal amino acid profile based on two models, and values for canola meal (% of Lysine)

¹Lysine content of canola meal increased by 9% (lysine x 1.09)

The lipid portion of canola meal has been shown to be highly digestible by swine. Seneviratne et al. (2011) found that the lipid component of expeller canola meal was 93.6% digested. Because canola oil is largely composed of monounsaturated fatty acids and low in saturated fatty acids, the digestibility is high.

The mineral and vitamin profile of canola meal has been provided in detail in Chapter 2. In addition, there have been some revealing studies conducted specifically in swine with regards to calcium and phosphorus.

Canola meal is a rich source of phosphorus. Like many oilseed meals, a large portion of the phosphorus in canola meal is bound by phytic acid. It is common practice to add phytase enzyme to improve the digestibility of phosphorus and reduce the need for addition of this nutrient to the diet. Results from three studies (Akinmusire and Adeola, 2009; Flavelo et al., 2014; Adhekari et al., 2016) demonstrated that phosphorus digestibility can be increased in canola meal with the use of phytase from an average of 34 to 61%. Recently, Maison et al. (2015) analyzed five samples of canola meal and determined a greater digestibility value for phosphorus of 45%, a value that is higher than determined from older studies. Phytase supplementation still increased phosphorus digestibility to 64%, similar to the previous findings.

An added benefit of phytase supplementation is the improvement in calcium digestibility. González-Vega, et al. (2013) demonstrated that the addition of phytase enzyme increased the availability of calcium in canola meal from 47 to 70%. Similarly Adhikari et al. (2016) saw an improvement in calcium digestibility from 58% to 75%.

Glucosinolates are a main anti-nutritional factor found in canola meal for swine. In the initial years of feeding canola meal, the maximum level of glucosinolates that pigs could tolerate in the diet was defined by several researchers. Bell (1993) proposed a maximum level in pig diets of 2.0 to 2.5μmol of glucosinolates/g of diet. Two subsequent studies supported this recommendation (Schöne et al., 1997a, 1997b). In the first of these two studies, growing pigs weighing approximately 20–50 kg were fed a variety of diets containing the same levels of canola meal, but varying in total glucosinolate content from 0–19 μmol/g (Schöne et al., 1997a).

A concentration greater than 2.4μmol/g of glucosinolates in the diet had negative effects on feed intake, growth rate and thyroid function. In the second study, the maximum safe glucosinolate level was determined at 2.0μmol/g of diet (Schöne et al., 1997b). Given that Canadian canola meal contains, on average, 3.6μmol/g of glucosinolates, this would correspond to a maximum canola meal inclusion level of 55 to 69% in growing pig diets, a value greater than necessary for commercial formulation to meet amino acid requirements for a cereal-based diet. Recent studies have demonstrated that grower-finisher pigs will perform well on diets containing up to 30% canola meal (Smit et al., 2014a), and starter pigs perform well with diets containing 40% canola meal (Parr et al., 2015). The maximum tolerable concentration of glucosinolates in swine diets remains of interest, but current levels of glucosinolates are demonstrating no limitations for canola meal inclusion in grower-finisher diets.

Canola meal in starter diets

Historical feeding guidelines suggested that performance would suffer when young pigs were provided with diets in which canola meal comprised greater than 5% of the total (Bourdon and Aumaître, 1990; Lee and Hill, 1983). However, new research has brought to light a very different story on canola meal inclusion in starter pigs. Landero et al.(2011) fed canola meal to weaned pigs with an average initial weight of 8.1 kg at inclusion levels of up to 200 g/kg without negatively impacting performance. This was demonstrated again in 2014 by Sanjayan et al., in a study where canola meal was included at 25% of the diet for weaned pigs (initial body weight of 7.26 kg), with highly acceptable performance results after the first week of the trial. To determine if the grain source included in the canola meal diet might make a difference, Mejicanos et al. (2017) provided diets to piglets (starting weight 6.7 kg on average) with 20% soybean meal compared to 20% canola meal and either wheat or corn as the primary grain.

Performance of pigs with canola meal diets equaled that of soybean meal diets. The main difference in these three studies, compared to the earlier work, is that researchers formulated diets based on NE and SID amino acids. Wang et al. (2017) fed newly weaned pigs with diets containing 20% canola meal. The 4 sources of canola meal tested were selected to show differences in quality characteristics as might occur with differing extremes in growing season. There were differences in apparent total tract digestibility between the soybean meal and canola meal diets, but no differences in digestibility between the 4 canola meal diets.

In another study, Parr et al, (2015) provided piglets with diets containing 10, 20, 30 or 40% canola meal, replacing soybean meal in the diets. There was a linear increase in gain to feed ratio as the canola meal inclusion increased. This important study shows that, with correct diet formulation, up to 40% canola meal can be included in starter diets for piglets. Table 4 provides comparisons between canola meal and soybean meal as determined in recent studies for solvent extracted meal. In general, there were few statistically significant treatment effects on average daily gain (ADG) and gain per unit of feed.

Table 4. Studies evaluating solvent extracted canola meal in starter diets as compared to soybean meal control diets

Canola meal in growing finishing diets

Table 5 shows results from three recent growing-finishing studies. There were no differences in performance in the two studies in which canola meal was compared to solvent extracted soybean meal. Recently Smit et al. (2018) compared solvent extracted canola meal to expeller soybean meal and saw greater rates of gain and gain to feed ratio with the expeller soybean meal diet. The authors noted that the grower diet, containing 25% canola meal was abruptly introduced to the pigs, and they suffered reduced feed intakes for a short period afterwards. Feed intake did rebound, however gains and feed to gain ratio remained significantly different. If pigs are to be changed to very high levels of canola meal, it might be necessary to make the changes in stages.

Table 5. Studies evaluating solvent extracted canola meal in grow-finish diets as compared to soybean meal control diets

¹The control diet was based on expeller soybean meal

Mexican feeding trials

Three feeding trials were conducted in three Mexican states — Nuevo León, Sonora and Michoacán (Hickling, 1996). The objective was to replicate the performance found in previously conducted Canadian feeding trials (Table 6), but using Mexican ingredients (two of the feed trials used sorghum as the grain base in the diet and one trial used corn) and Mexican conditions (environment, pig genetics and management). Also, the canola meal used in the trials was produced from Canadian canola seed by Mexican oilseed processors. The design was very similar to the Canadian trials.

Three dietary treatments were used: a control, a low canola meal diet and a high canola meal diet. The diets were balanced for minimum digestible amino acids, ideal protein and equal energy levels. The diets and results are shown in Table 7. As with the temperate climate results, equivalent growth, feed efficiency and carcass quality performance were observed in all three dietary treatments. Performance between locations varied due mainly to pig genetics and seasonal effects.

Table 6. Original Canadian feeding trial results: Average performance of growing pigs (20-60 kg) and finishing pigs (60-100 kg) fed diets supplemented with soybean meal (SBM) and canola (CM)¹

¹Hickling, 1994

Table 7. Mexican feeding trial results: Average performance of growing pigs (20-60 kg) and finishing pigs (60-100 kg) fed diets supplemented with soybean meal (SBM) and canola meal (CM)¹

Early studies showed that canola meal is readily accepted in diets for sows and gilts. Flipot and Dufour (1977) found no difference in reproductive performance between sows fed diets with or without 10% added canola meal. Lee et al. (1985) found no significant difference in reproductive performance of gilts through one litter. Studies at the University of Alberta (Lewis et al., 1978) have shown no difference in reproductive performance of gilts through two reproductive cycles when fed diets containing up to 12% canola meal. Other studies indicated that levels of 20% canola meal did not affect performance of lactating sows (King et al., 2001).These results suggest that canola meal may represent the main supplemental protein source in gilt and sow diets.

More recently, Velayudhan and Nyachoti (2017) provided sows with diets containing 0, 15 or 30% canola meal from the time they were moved to the farrowing room until weaning at 21 days of lactation. The researchers determined that there were no effects of treatment on body weight change or change in backfat thickness, and that both piglet growth and milk composition were not influenced by the diets. There were likewise no differences in the weaning to estrus interval. The researchers concluded that up to 30% canola meal can be included in diets for sows with no loss in performance by sows or their litters. A follow up study (Velayudhan et al., 2018) confirmed that sow performance was optimal when up to 30% canola meal was included in the diet.

In another recent study (Liu et al., 2018) sows were allocated diets that replaced 0, 50 or 100% of soybean meal in the diet starting from day 7 of gestation through to weaning. The highest level of canola meal was 23.3% of the gestation diet, and 35.1% in the lactation diet. Piglet survival was significantly greater with thediets containing canola meal, but the weaning to estrus interval was slightly higher with the highest canola meal diet than with the control diet (Table 8).

Table 8. Sow and litter performance based with three diets¹

¹Liu et al., 2018

As would be expected, there is no loss in performance when pigs receive expeller canola meal. Seneviratne et al. (2011) provided weanling pigs with diets enriched with 15% canola meal in exchange for 15% soybean meal (Table 9). There were no differences in ADG or gain to feed ratio in that study. Landero et al., 2012 feed diets containing 5, 10, 15 and 20% canola meal, substituted for soybean meal to pigs, starting at 26 days of age and continuing until 54 days of age. There were no differences in performance for any of the treatments. Diets were formulated to the same NE and SID levels. Apparent total tract digestibility of protein and energy declined linearly as the inclusion level of the canola meal increased.

Table 9. Studies evaluating expeller canola meal in starter diets as compared to soybean meal control diets

Feeding Canola seed and oil

Canola oil is routinely fed to all types of pigs. Crude canola oil is often an economical energy source as well as a dust suppressant in the feed. Canola seed is also fed as a protein and energy source, although it is usually limited to 10% dietary inclusion, since higher levels will result in softer fat in the carcass (Kracht, et al., 1996). Canola seed should be ground before feeding. It can effectively be fed raw, although heat treatment may prove beneficial as long as excessive heat is not used during processing, which will reduce amino acid digestibility. A nutrient analysis should also be conducted on canola seed, as it may be seed that is not suitable for canola processors. Montoya and Leterme (2010) estimated an NE content of full-fat canola seeds of 3.56 Mcal/kg (DM basis), but noted a possible underestimation due to a demonstrated reduction in feed intake and performance at dietary inclusion levels above 10% for growing pigs.

Table 10. Practical inclusion levels of canola meal in swine diets

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