Canola meal makes ration balancing simple. The superior amino acid profile, along with a high percentage of rumen bypass protein has repeatedly been shown to support milk production with lower amounts of protein, resulting in lower levels of milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and less waste.
Canola meal is a well-researched feed ingredient for dairy cows that consistently provides value for producers, as shown in recent academic studies. Field trials conducted in Wisconsin have shown that canola meal can be an alternative for animal proteins and can also be used to replace the high bypass protein soybean meal products that are often needed in rations balanced for amino acids.
The following are some ways canola meal provides value to dairy producers:
- Mid-lactation cows fed canola meal as their primary protein source average 2.2 pounds more milk per day when compared to cows fed primarily soybean meal (Huhtanen et al., 2011).
- Canola meal in early lactation has been shown to get cows off to a good start, with even higher production. Cows receiving canola meal produced 4 kg/day more energy corrected in one trial
- Cows find canola meal highly palatable. Recent studies have demonstrated that cows will readily consume 20 percent of their diet as canola meal.
- Canola meal has been proven to pair well with high-forage diets, as well as with a variety of grains and starch levels.
- Canola meal is a rich source of phosphorus, often a costly required nutrient.
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BYPASS PROTEIN
When picking protein sources for dairy rations, the stress has historically been on the crude-protein levels of protein sources. More protein is always better, right? Not necessarily. Cows need the right protein, in the right place. When these requirements are met, the cow uses protein in the most efficient way possible, meaning less protein ends up in the manure pile. Fortunately, canola meal provides the right protein, in the right place, at the right time.
Canola meal has more rumen undegraded protein, or bypass protein, than many other frequently used protein sources. When protein enters a cow’s rumen, rumen microbes break down, or degrade, a fraction of the available protein. The remaining protein bypasses the cow’s rumen and becomes available to satisfy the cow’s amino acid requirements. This means that while it may not always beat other protein sources in crude protein levels, a high portion of canola meal’s protein makes it through the cow’s rumen, putting the protein right where the cow needs it to produce milk. See how canola meal stacks up against soybean meal when it comes to bypass protein in the table below. Feeding canola meal means better feeding efficiency and higher milk production for dairy operations.
Pound for pound, canola meal provides as much digestible RUP as soybean meal, even with its lower crude protein levels. The RUP in canola meal provides more available methionine and histidine than soybean meal, and about 90% as much available lysine, as shown in the table below. Although high protein distiller’s grains supplies more digestible RUP than either soybean meal or canola meal, it fails to supply the amino acids most critical for milk production, and much more would be needed in the diet to supply the amino acids.
| BYPASS PROTEIN MATCH-UP |
| Protein |
Soybean meal-44% |
Hi-Pro Distillers’ |
Canola meal
|
| Crude protein, % of dry matter |
49.2 |
40.0 |
42.0 |
| % of protein bypassing (RUP)1 |
41.5 |
63.6 |
52.5 |
| RUP, % of dry matter |
20.4 |
25.4 |
22.0 |
| Digestibility of the RUP, %2 |
75.6 |
68.8 |
71.3 |
| Digestible RUP, % of meal dry matter |
15.4 |
17.5 |
15.7 |
| Amino Acids |
|
|
|
| Digestible methionine, g/lb |
1.1 |
1.7 |
1.7 |
| Digestible lysine, g/lb |
4.7 |
2.5 |
4.3 |
| Digestible histidine, g/lb |
2.1 |
2.3 |
2.8 |
1 Maxin, G., Ouellet, D.R. and Lapierre, H., 2013.
2 Ross, D.A., Gutierrez-Botero, M. and Van Amburgh, M.E. 2013.
AMINO ACIDS
Another way canola meal provides value is through its amino acid profile. A high level of bypass protein combined with canola meal’s unique amino acid profile not only helps cows optimize milk production, but also supports the production of high-quality milk.
Canola meal’s amino acid profile helps explain the consistent milk yield response when canola meal is included in rations. In a summary of 24 research trials with canola meal included in dairy diets, the average milk production response was an additional 2.2 pounds of milk per day, per cow. With results like that, canola meal is a must-try for all dairy producers looking to increase profits and efficiencies in their operation. Canola’s amino acid pattern matches that of milk more closely than other vegetable protein sources (Table below) and therefore is utilized more efficiently.
Ingredient and rumen microbe amino acid composition as compared milk essential amino acid (EAA) composition (The first limiting amino acid is highlighted for each source)
| INGREDIENT AND RUMEN MICROBE AMINO ACID COMPOSITION AS COMPARED MILK ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID (EAA) COMPOSITION (THE FIRST LIMITING AMINO ACID IS HIGHLIGHTED FOR EACH SOURCE) |
|
Milk1 EAA |
Rumen2 Microbes |
Corn DDGS
|
Soybean Meal |
Corn Gluten |
Cottonseed Meal |
Canola Meal |
|
% of Amount in Milk |
| Methionine |
2.50 |
88 |
79 |
53 |
95 |
56 |
84 |
| Lysine |
8.00 |
101 |
35 |
76 |
21 |
50 |
68 |
| Arginine |
3.38 |
140 |
127 |
216 |
93 |
342 |
191 |
| Threonine |
4.31 |
124 |
86 |
90 |
77 |
71 |
97 |
| Leucine |
9.65 |
82 |
121 |
78 |
169 |
57 |
63 |
| Isoleucine |
5.12 |
112 |
71 |
89 |
78 |
59 |
66 |
| Histidine |
2.73 |
69 |
97 |
96 |
74 |
100 |
132 |
| Phenylalanine |
4.94 |
108 |
99 |
102 |
125 |
107 |
81 |
| Tryprophan |
0.90 |
131 |
89 |
148 |
60 |
136 |
143 |
| Valine |
5.60 |
102 |
87 |
84 |
81 |
75 |
91 |
1 Lee, C., Giallongo, F., Hristov, A.N., Lapierre, H., Cassidy, T.W., Heyler, K.S., Varga, G.A. and Parys, C., 2015.
2 Sok, M., Ouellet, D.R., Firkins, J.L., Pellerin, D.and Lapierre, H., 2017.
Another way we can look at this is through canola meal’s milk protein score. Feed ingredients are sometimes given milk protein scores as another way to measure their value. The milk protein score takes the amino acid profile of protein sources and compares it to the amino acid composition of milk itself. Canola meal has the highest milk protein score among vegetable-based protein sources, including soybean meal. A high milk protein score equals high-quality milk.
1 Schingoethe, D. J. 1996.
MILK COMPONENTS
Canola meal’s bypass protein levels and great milk protein score combine to support high levels of components in milk. Milk components, or the fat and protein portions of milk, are important because they are indicative of high-quality milk, and could mean more milk check premiums for dairy producers.
As the table below illustrates, daily protein and fat yields increased when canola meal replaced either soybean meal or cottonseed meal in diets for high-producing dairy cows.
Another study also illustrated canola meal’s value when it comes to milk components, as compared to soybean meal:
These results are consistent with newer research that now recognizes that the soluble fraction of protein meals is not all degraded in the rumen, and some of the soluble protein from both soybean meal and canola meal will bypass the rumen. For more information, you can check out recent research abstracts and visit the Dairy Blog.
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
Want more information on canola meal and dairy cows? Refer to our Dairy Feed Guide and check out some of the dairy-specific resources below:
- Moore, S.A.E. and Kalscheur, K.F., 2016. Canola meal in dairy cow diets during early lactation increases production compared with soybean meal. Journal of Animal Science, 94, pp.731-731.
https://search.proquest.com/openview/722540355643bca1e87713c0143c629d/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=49113
- Moura et al., 2018. Meta-analysis of the use of canola meal in diets for dairycows.
https://www.adsa.org/Portals/0/SiteContent/Docs/Meetings/PastMeetings/Annual/2018/087.pdf (M285)
- Moore, S.A.E. and Kalscheur, K.F., 2018. Evaluation of a limit feeding strategy with canola or soybean meals on dairy cow performance.
https://www.adsa.org/Portals/0/SiteContent/Docs/Meetings/PastMeetings/Annual/2018/290.pdf (T229)
- Auldist et al, 2017. Inclusion of canola meal increases milk response in partial mixed rations and grain mixes fed to grazing cows. https://www.adsa.org/Portals/0/SiteContent/Docs/Meetings/PastMeetings/Annual/2017/299.pdf (T244)
- Paula et al., 2016. Effects of replacing soybean meal with canola meal or treated canola meal on ruminal digestion, and omasal nutrient fow in lactating dairy cows.
https://www.adsa.org/Portals/0/SiteContent/Docs/Meetings/PastMeetings/Annual/2016/614.pdf (1404)
- Paula et al., 2016. Effects of replacing soybean meal with canola meal or treated canola meal on nitrogen metabolism and total tract digestibility in lactating dairy cows.
https://www.adsa.org/Portals/0/SiteContent/Docs/Meetings/PastMeetings/Annual/2016/614.pdf (1584)
- Abeysekara, S and T. Mutsvangwa. 2016. Effects of feeding canola meal or wheat dried distillers’ grains with solubles alone or in combination as the major protein sources on ruminal function and production in dairy cows.
https://www.adsa.org/Portals/0/SiteContent/Docs/Meetings/PastMeetings/Annual/2016/614.pdf (1580)
Recently Published Articles:
February 1, 2020 Industry Voice
- Canola meal is a preferred source of protein and amino acids in dairy diets. But what do we know about its nutrient profile? A seven-year study brings clarity.
Canola meal in dairy rations: New research explains why use of this high-protein ingredient has increased in many countries.
July 24, 2020 By Treena Hein
- Canola meal is continuing to make inroads into dairy cow rations in many countries, including Canada, the USA, South Africa, Mexico, China and several other Asian countries. This high-protein ingredient is also fed to other livestock, including aquaculture species. In Australia for example, canola meal is now fed to fish, dairy cattle, poultry and to beef cattle in feedlots.
November 2, 2019 Les Berghorn and Essi Evans
- It is not uncommon for published nutrient values for canola meal to be inconsistent with values required for current feed formulation models. Some of the common errors can result in overlooking a valuable commodity.
May 29, 2019 by Aerin Einstein-Curtis
- Dropping prices for protein meals are prompting a comparison of canola and soybean meal, but a feeding trial shows that canola meal may provide more support for high performing dairy cow production and body condition than soybean meal, says researcher.
November 20, 2018
- The trial ration is competitive or even cheaper than the current diet.
October 17, 2018
- After participating in a recent field trial where canola meal was fed at high inclusion rates, Shiloh Dairy Manager Gordon Speirs said “Canola contributes to cost-efficient production. We no longer have to source and store expeller soybean meal”
September 2018 by Essi Evans
- When compared against soybean meal, canola meal not only holds its own but often produces measurable advantages in feed efficiency and milk production.
July 5, 2018 No Particular Author
- Research survey evaluates the effects of forage and starch on lactating dairy cow diets with canola meal as the main protein supplement.
2018 Timothy Mutsvangwa
- Canola meal (CM) is a highly palatable feed ingredient for dairy cows, and it can be included in dairy cow diets up to 20% of dietary dry matter.
- Cows fed CM as a protein source produce, on average, 1.4 kg/day more milk compared with cows fed other protein sources, and 0.7 kg/d more milk compared with cows fed soybean meal (SBM).
- Newer research shows that CM has a greater content of ruminally undegradable protein (RUP; bypass protein) than has been previously reported, and CM RUP is at least equal to, if not greater, than that of SBM.
- Compared to other protein sources like SBM, CM is an excellent source of essential amino acids like methionine and histidine.
- Although CM contains greater amounts of fibre compared with other protein sources, recent research shows that the energy value of CM is higher than previously thought because the fiber is more digestible and can provide more energy for milk production.
December, 2017
- At the recent Penn State Dairy Nutrition Workshop, Kenneth Kalscheur, a prominent dairy nutrition researcher at the U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center in Madison, Wisconsin, provided findings on the subject of “Canola Meal vs. Soybean Meal in Dairy Cow Diets.”
June 5, 2017 Glen Broderick, Essi Evans and Brittany Dyck
- Nutritionists struggle to estimate the value of protein ingredients, and selecting the wrong metric can make a considerable difference to the bottom line.
March 23, 2017 By Barb Glen
- Tim Mutsvangwa, a professor of ruminant nutrition at the University of Saskatchewan, said cows produce more milk when canola meal is in their diet and it also contains essential amino acids and higher amounts of fibre than other protein sources.
February, 2016 Glen Broderick
- During the past few years, we conducted several feeding trials at the U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center in Madison, Wisconsin, comparing the yields of milk and milk components from lactating dairy cows supplemented with either canola meal or soybean meal.
Sept 11, 2015 Brittany Dyck, Carson Callum and Essi Evans
- With a better understanding of RUP, ingredient selections can be made to reduce protein overages and reduce nitrogen lost to the environment
May 2015 Brittany Dyck and Essi Evans
- Dairy producers and nutritionists understand the importance of providing adequate levels of nutrients in dairy cow rations. However, it is possible to provide too much of a good thing, which can lead to some undesirable consequences.
January 5, 2015 Industry Voice
- Canola meal is a good source of methionine, but feed formulators are often surprised to find the amino acid profile of canola meal is well suited to the needs of poultry and swine
August 2014 Essi Evans
- Higher grain prices in recent years have encouraged dairy producers to consider increasing the amount of forage and byproduct ingredients in rations for lactating dairy cows. Can canola meal be useful with higher forage diets?
October 31, 2013 Essi Evans
- Distillers grains are often less costly per ton than canola meal. In spite of that fact, many nutritionists find that they must limit the level of inclusion in the diet or else sacrifice milk production. Trials at the University of Saskatchewan and University of California show that canola meal can shore up the value of distillers’ grains
Brittany Dyck and Essi Evans
- To what extent does that protein ingredient result in production advantages, and do those production advantages outweigh the higher cost of an ingredient?
Feeding Value of Canola Meal in Dairy Rations Evaluated
“New Dairy Trials Show Value of Canola Meal
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